Life Cycle: Perennial
Sun Exposure: Full-Partial
Soil Moisture: Medium-Medium/dry
Height: 5 feet
Plant Spacing: 1.5-2 feet
Bloom Time: July-September
Bloom Color: Yellow
Advantages: Pollinator Favorite, Bird Favorite, Deer Resistant, Rain Garden, Great Landscape Plant
Host Plant: 1-2 butterflies and moths in our area (nwf.org)(Holm, 2014)
Specialist Bee: Andrena rudbeckiae, Andrena runcinatae, Pseudopanurgus albitarsis, Melissodes agilis, M. boltoniae, M. coreopsis, M. illatus, M. trinodis, M. wheeleri, Svastra petulca, Colletes rufocinctus (Holm, 2014) (Johnson and Colla, 2023)
Complementary Plants: Blazing star, False sunflower, Bee balm, Ironweed, Horsemint, Big bluestem, Indian grass
Resource: Johnson, Lorraine, and Sheila Colla. A Northern Gardener’s Guide to Native Plants and Pollinators: Creating Habitat in the Northeast, Great Lakes, and Upper Midwest. Island Press, 2023