Life Cycle: Perennial
Sun Exposure: Full-Partial sun
Soil Moisture: Medium/wet-Medium/dry
Height: 5 feet
Plant Spacing: 1.5-3 feet
Bloom Time: June-September
Bloom Color: Yellow
Advantages: Pollinator Favorite, Bird Favorite, Deer Resistant, Vigorous self-seeder
Host Plant: 2 butterflies and moths in our area (nwf.org)
Specialist Bee: Pseudopanurgus rugosus, Melissodes coloradensis, Melissodes trinodis, and Melissodes vernoniae (Johnson and Colla, 2023)
Complementary Plants: Culver’s Root, Blazing stars, Bee balm, Purple giant hyssop, Flowering spurge, Blue vervain, Butterfly weed, Prairie phlox, White wild indigo, Asters
Resource: Johnson, Lorraine, and Sheila Colla. A Northern Gardener’s Guide to Native Plants and Pollinators: Creating Habitat in the Northeast, Great Lakes, and Upper Midwest. Island Press, 2023